Pinus mugo (Dwarf Pine)

Traditional uses

Italian

• Antiseptic

French

• Expectorant

Dutch

• Liniment

Spanish

• Respiratory

German

• Rubefacient

Chemicals

Leaf

• ANISALDEHYDE
• BORNYL-CAPROATE
• CADINENE
• CAPROALDEHYDE
• EO — 1200 to 6100
• MYRCENE
• ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE
• L-ALPHA-PINENE
• BETA-PINENE
• PUMILIOL
• BORNYL-PROPIONATE
• DELTA-3-CARENE
• DIPENTENE
• HEXANAL
• L-LIMONENE
• BORNYL-ACETATE
• CUMINALDEHYDE
• D-LIMONENE
• BETA-PHELLANDRENE
• PUMILONE
• CRYPTONE
• ESTERS — 62 to 564
• CAMPHENE

Plant

• ARABINOSE
• GLUCOSE
• XYLOGALACTURONANE
• ARABINOGALACTAN
• GALACTOSE
• FUCOSE
• XYLOSE

Wood

• KAEMPFEROL
• PINOSYLVINMONOMETHYLETHER
• QUERCETIN
• PINOSYLVIN
• PINOCEMBRIN

Activities

1. Pesticide — 16 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE, ANISALDEHYDE, BETA-PINENE, BORNYL-ACETATE, CADINENE, CAMPHENE, CUMINALDEHYDE, D-LIMONENE, DELTA-3-CARENE, DIPENTENE, HEXANAL, KAEMPFEROL, MYRCENE, PINOCEMBRIN, PINOSYLVIN, QUERCETIN
2. Antibacterial — 11 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE, BORNYL-ACETATE, CUMINALDEHYDE, DELTA-3-CARENE, DIPENTENE, HEXANAL, KAEMPFEROL, MYRCENE, PINOCEMBRIN, PINOSYLVIN, QUERCETIN
3. FLavor — 10 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE, BETA-PINENE, BORNYL-ACETATE, CADINENE, CAMPHENE, CUMINALDEHYDE, D-LIMONENE, DELTA-3-CARENE, HEXANAL, MYRCENE
4. Fungicide — 9 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE, ANISALDEHYDE, BETA-PHELLANDRENE, CUMINALDEHYDE, KAEMPFEROL, MYRCENE, PINOCEMBRIN, PINOSYLVIN, QUERCETIN
5. Insectifuge — 6 compounds; BETA-PINENE, BORNYL-ACETATE, CAMPHENE, D-LIMONENE, DELTA-3-CARENE, MYRCENE
6. Irritant — 6 compounds; toxic activity; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE, BETA-PINENE, CUMINALDEHYDE, DELTA-3-CARENE, DIPENTENE, MYRCENE
7. Perfumery — 6 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE, BETA-PHELLANDRENE, BETA-PINENE, CADINENE, CUMINALDEHYDE, MYRCENE
8. Antispasmodic — 5 compounds; BETA-PINENE, BORNYL-ACETATE, KAEMPFEROL, MYRCENE, QUERCETIN
9. Allergenic — 4 compounds; toxic activity; BETA-PINENE, DIPENTENE, MYRCENE, QUERCETIN
10. Antifeedant — 4 compounds; BORNYL-ACETATE, CADINENE, PINOSYLVIN, QUERCETIN
11. Antiinflammatory — 4 compounds; BETA-PINENE, DELTA-3-CARENE, KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
12. Antimutagenic — 4 compounds; toxic activity; ANISALDEHYDE, KAEMPFEROL, MYRCENE, QUERCETIN
13. Antioxidant — 4 compounds; CAMPHENE, KAEMPFEROL, MYRCENE, QUERCETIN
14. Antiseptic — 4 compounds; BETA-PINENE, HEXANAL, KAEMPFEROL, PINOCEMBRIN
15. Antiviral — 4 compounds; BORNYL-ACETATE, DIPENTENE, KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
16. Expectorant — 4 compounds; BETA-PHELLANDRENE, BORNYL-ACETATE, CAMPHENE, DIPENTENE
17. Tyrosinase-Inhibitor — 4 compounds; ANISALDEHYDE, CUMINALDEHYDE, KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
18. Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor — 3 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, MYRCENE, QUERCETIN
19. Antileukemic — 3 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, PINOCEMBRIN, QUERCETIN
20. Antitumor-Promoter — 3 compounds; D-LIMONENE, KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
21. Apoptotic — 3 compounds; D-LIMONENE, KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
22. Cancer-Preventive — 3 compounds; D-LIMONENE, KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
23. Candidicide — 3 compounds; BETA-PINENE, PINOCEMBRIN, QUERCETIN
24. Cytotoxic — 3 compounds; toxic activity; KAEMPFEROL, PINOCEMBRIN, QUERCETIN
25. Sedative — 3 compounds; BORNYL-ACETATE, CUMINALDEHYDE, DIPENTENE
26. 11B-HSD-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
27. 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
28. Analgesic — 2 compounds; MYRCENE, QUERCETIN
29. Antiacetylcholinesterase — 2 compounds; D-LIMONENE, L-LIMONENE
30. Antiaflatoxin — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
31. Antiaggregant — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
32. Antiallergic — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
33. Anticomplementary — 2 compounds; ARABINOGALACTAN, QUERCETIN
34. Antidiabetic — 2 compounds; QUERCETIN, XYLOSE
35. Antihepatotoxic — 2 compounds; toxic activity; GLUCOSE, QUERCETIN
36. Antiherpetic — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
37. Antihistaminic — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
38. Antileishmanic — 2 compounds; ARABINOGALACTAN, QUERCETIN
39. Antimelanomic — 2 compounds; D-LIMONENE, QUERCETIN
40. Antinitrosaminic — 2 compounds; MYRCENE, QUERCETIN
41. Antinociceptive — 2 compounds; MYRCENE, QUERCETIN
42. Antiplaque — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
43. Antiradicular — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
44. Antistaphylococcic — 2 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE, KAEMPFEROL
45. Antitumor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
46. Antitumor (Breast) — 2 compounds; D-LIMONENE, QUERCETIN
47. Antiulcer — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
48. cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
49. Carcinogenic — 2 compounds; toxic activity; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
50. Chemopreventive — 2 compounds; D-LIMONENE, MYRCENE
51. Copper-Chelator — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
52. COX-2-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
53. Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
54. Diaphoretic? — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
55. Differentiator — 2 compounds; D-LIMONENE, QUERCETIN
56. Estrogenic — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
57. Hepatoprotective — 2 compounds; toxic activity; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
58. HIV-RT-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
59. iNOS-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
60. Inotropic — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
61. Insecticide — 2 compounds; ANISALDEHYDE, D-LIMONENE
62. Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
63. Mutagenic — 2 compounds; toxic activity; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
64. Myorelaxant — 2 compounds; BORNYL-ACETATE, MYRCENE
65. Neuroprotective — 2 compounds; toxic activity; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
66. NO-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
67. P450-2B1-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; D-LIMONENE, MYRCENE
68. Quinone-Reductase-Inducer — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
69. Spasmogenic — 2 compounds; BETA-PINENE, CAMPHENE
70. Teratologic — 2 compounds; toxic activity; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
71. TNF-alpha-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
72. Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
73. Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
74. Vasodilator — 2 compounds; KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN
75. (-)-Chronotropic — 1 compounds; BORNYL-ACETATE
76. (-)-Inotropic — 1 compounds; BORNYL-ACETATE
77. ACE-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; MYRCENE
78. Acetylcholinergic — 1 compounds; GLUCOSE
79. Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
80. Allelochemic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
81. Allelopathic — 1 compounds; CAMPHENE
82. Allergenic? — 1 compounds; toxic activity; DELTA-3-CARENE
83. Anesthetic — 1 compounds; PINOCEMBRIN
84. Antiaging — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
85. Antialzheimeran — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
86. Antianaphylactic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
87. Antiangiogenic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
88. Antiarthritic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
89. Antiasthmatic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
90. Antiatherosclerotic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
91. Anticancer — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
92. Anticancer (Breast) — 1 compounds; D-LIMONENE
93. Anticancer (Gastric) — 1 compounds; D-LIMONENE
94. Anticarcinomic (Breast) — 1 compounds; toxic activity; QUERCETIN
95. Anticariogenic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
96. Anticataract — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
97. Anticolitic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
98. Anticonvulsant — 1 compounds; toxic activity; MYRCENE
99. AntiCrohn's — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
100. Anticystitic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
101. Antidepressant — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
102. Antidermatitic — 1 compounds; toxic activity; QUERCETIN
103. Antiedemic — 1 compounds; GLUCOSE
104. Antielastase — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
105. Antiencephalitic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
106. Antiescherichic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
107. Antiestrogenic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
108. Antifertility — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
109. Antifibrosarcomic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
110. Antiflu — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
111. Antigastric — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
112. Antigingivitic — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
113. Antigonadotropic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
114. AntiGTF — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
115. AntiHIV — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
116. Antihydrophobic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
117. Antihypertensive — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
118. Antiimplantation — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
119. Antiketotic — 1 compounds; GLUCOSE
120. Antileukotriene — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
121. Antilipoperoxidant — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
122. Antilithic? — 1 compounds; CAMPHENE
123. Antilymphocytic — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
124. Antimalarial — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
125. Antimetastatic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
126. Antimyocarditic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
127. Antipancreatitic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
128. Antiperiodontal — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
129. Antiperiodontic — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
130. Antiperistaltic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
131. Antipermeability — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
132. Antiperoxidant — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
133. Antipharyngitic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
134. Antiplasmodial — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
135. AntiPMS — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
136. Antipodriac — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
137. Antipolio — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
138. Antiproliferant — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
139. Antiprostanoid — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
140. Antiprostatitic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
141. Antipsoriac — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
142. Antisalmonella — 1 compounds; HEXANAL
143. Antiserotonin — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
144. Antistreptococcic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
145. Antithiamin — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
146. Antithrombic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
147. Antitrypanosomic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
148. Antitumor (Bladder) — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
149. Antitumor (Colon) — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
150. Antitumor (Gastric) — 1 compounds; D-LIMONENE
151. Antitumor (Lung) — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
152. Antitumor (Ovary) — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
153. Antitumor (Skin) — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
154. Antivaricose — 1 compounds; GLUCOSE
155. Aromatase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
156. Artemicide — 1 compounds; PINOCEMBRIN
157. ATPase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
158. Bacteristat — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
159. Bradycardiac — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
160. Calmodulin-Antagonist — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
161. Capillariprotective — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
162. Catabolic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
163. Choleretic — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
164. COMT-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
165. Cytochrome-P450-1A2-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
166. Deiodinase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
167. Dermal — 1 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE
168. Dermatitigenic — 1 compounds; toxic activity; DELTA-3-CARENE
169. Diagnostic — 1 compounds; XYLOSE
170. Diuretic — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
171. Dye — 1 compounds; XYLOSE
172. Emetic — 1 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE
173. Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
174. Hemostat — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
175. Hepatomagenic — 1 compounds; toxic activity; QUERCETIN
176. Herbicide — 1 compounds; BETA-PINENE
177. Hyperglycemic — 1 compounds; GLUCOSE
178. Hypocholesterolemic — 1 compounds; D-LIMONENE
179. Hypocholesterolemic? — 1 compounds; CAMPHENE
180. Hypoglycemic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
181. Hypotensive — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
182. Hypothermic — 1 compounds; MYRCENE
183. ICAM-1-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
184. Immunostimulant — 1 compounds; ARABINOGALACTAN
185. Insectiphile — 1 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE
186. Insulinogenic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
187. Interferonogenic — 1 compounds; ARABINOGALACTAN
188. Iodothyronine-Deiodinase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
189. JNK-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
190. Juvabional — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
191. Larvicide — 1 compounds; CUMINALDEHYDE
192. Larvistat — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
193. Laxative — 1 compounds; ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE
194. Litholytic — 1 compounds; D-LIMONENE
195. MAO-A-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
196. MAO-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
197. Mast-Cell-Stabilizer — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
198. Memory-Enhancer — 1 compounds; GLUCOSE
199. Metal-Chelator (Copper) — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
200. Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
201. Mitogenic — 1 compounds; ARABINOGALACTAN
202. MMP-9-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
203. NADH-Oxidase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
204. Natriuretic — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
205. NEP-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
206. Nephrotoxic — 1 compounds; toxic activity; D-LIMONENE
207. NF-kB-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
208. NO-Synthase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
209. Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
210. P450-Inducer — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
211. P450-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
212. PAF-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
213. PGE2-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
214. Phagocytotic — 1 compounds; ARABINOGALACTAN
215. Phospholipase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
216. Phytoalexin — 1 compounds; PINOSYLVIN
217. Plasmodicide — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
218. Proliferant — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
219. Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
220. Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
221. Protisticide — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
222. PTK-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
223. Sweetener — 1 compounds; GALACTOSE
224. Transdermal — 1 compounds; BETA-PINENE
225. Tumorigenic — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
226. Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
227. Ulcerogenic — 1 compounds; CUMINALDEHYDE
228. Uterotrophic — 1 compounds; KAEMPFEROL
229. VEGF-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN
230. Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor — 1 compounds; QUERCETIN

Toxic compounds

• ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE — Irritant; Leaf
• ANISALDEHYDE — Antimutagenic; Leaf
• BETA-PINENE — Allergenic; Leaf
• BETA-PINENE — Irritant; Leaf
• CUMINALDEHYDE — Irritant; Leaf
• D-LIMONENE — Nephrotoxic; Leaf
• DELTA-3-CARENE — Allergenic?; Leaf
• DELTA-3-CARENE — Dermatitigenic; Leaf
• DELTA-3-CARENE — Irritant; Leaf
• DIPENTENE — Allergenic; Leaf
• DIPENTENE — Irritant; Leaf
• GLUCOSE — Antihepatotoxic; Plant
• KAEMPFEROL — Antimutagenic; Wood; ID50=10-40 nM
• KAEMPFEROL — Carcinogenic; Wood
• KAEMPFEROL — Cytotoxic; Wood
• KAEMPFEROL — Hepatoprotective; Wood; IC50=5.46 uM
• KAEMPFEROL — Mutagenic; Wood
• KAEMPFEROL — Neuroprotective; Wood
• KAEMPFEROL — Teratologic; Wood
• MYRCENE — Allergenic; Leaf
• MYRCENE — Anticonvulsant; Leaf
• MYRCENE — Antimutagenic; Leaf
• MYRCENE — Irritant; Leaf
• PINOCEMBRIN — Cytotoxic; Wood; ED50=21
• QUERCETIN — Allergenic; Wood
• QUERCETIN — Anticarcinomic (Breast); Wood; IC50=1.5 uM
• QUERCETIN — Antidermatitic; Wood
• QUERCETIN — Antihepatotoxic; Wood
• QUERCETIN — Antimutagenic; Wood; ID50=2-5 nM
• QUERCETIN — Carcinogenic; Wood; 40,000 ppm (diet) mus
• QUERCETIN — Cytotoxic; Wood; ED50=70 ug/ml
• QUERCETIN — Hepatomagenic; Wood; 5,000 ppm (diet) rat
• QUERCETIN — Hepatoprotective; Wood
• QUERCETIN — Mutagenic; Wood
• QUERCETIN — Neuroprotective; Wood; 5-25 uM
• QUERCETIN — Teratologic; Wood